Factores de riesgo en complicaciones tromboembólicas cerebrales de pacientes con fibrilación auricular permanente no valvular / Fatores de risco em complicações tromboembólicas cerebrais em pacientes com fibrilação atrial permanente não valvuvar / Risk factors in cerebral thromboembolic complications in patients with non-valvular permanent atrial fibrillation

Introducción: la fibrilación auricular es la arritmia cardiaca más frecuente que se trata en la práctica clínica y produce un 33 por ciento de las hospitalizaciones asociadas a arritmias. Objetivo: identificar factores de riesgo de complicaciones tromboembólicas cerebrales en pacientes con fibrilación auricular permanente no valvular y tratamiento anticoagulante oral entre los años 2015 y 2018. Método: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" en el periodo octubre entre 2015 y abril del 2018. El universo estuvo conformado 213 pacientes, 71 casos con fibrilación auricular permanente que sufrieron complicaciones tromboembólicas cerebrales bajo tratamiento con warfarina y 142 controles con fibrilación auricular permanente, con igual, pero sin las complicaciones antes mencionadas. Se seleccionaron dos controles por cada caso (2:1) para incrementar el poder estadístico del estudio. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, ecocardiográficas, labilidad del INR (índice internacional normalizado) y adherencias terapéuticas. El análisis de los datos se presentó en tablas de datos de doble entrada. Se estimaron Chi cuadrado, intervalos de confianza y Odds ratio. Resultados: resultaron significativas el grupo de edad de 75 o más años, el sexo masculino, la hipertensión arterial, la presencia de placas de ateromas en aorta y carótidas, la diabetes mellitus, el INR subóptimo, la mala adherencia terapéutica. Conclusiones: el grupo etario de 75 o más años, sexo masculino, fumar, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, placas de ateroma en aorta y carótidas, INR subóptimo y mala adherencia terapéutica constituyen factores de riesgo significativos para la aparición de complicaciones tromboembólicas cerebrales(AU)

Introduction: atrial fibrillation is the most frequent cardiac arrhythmia that is treated in clinical practice and produces 33 percent of hospitalizations associated with arrhythmias. Objective: to identify risk factors for cerebral thromboembolic complications in patients with permanent nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and oral anticoagulant treatment between 2015 and 2018. Method: a case-control study was conducted in the General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Agostinho Neto" in the period October between 2015 and April 2018. The universe consisted of 213 patients, 71 cases with permanent atrial fibrillation who suffered cerebral thromboembolic complications under treatment with warfarin and 142 controls with permanent atrial fibrillation, with the same, but without the aforementioned complications. Two controls were selected for each case (2:1) to increase the statistical power of the study. We analyzed sociodemographic, clinical, echocardiographic variables, lability of the INR (international normalized index) and therapeutic adhesions. The analysis of the data was presented in double entry data tables. Chi square, confidence intervals and Odds ratio were estimated. Results: the age group of 75 or more years, the male sex, arterial hypertension, the presence of plaques of atheroma in the aorta and carotids, diabetes mellitus, suboptimal INR, poor therapeutic adherence were significant. Conclusions: the age group of 75 years or older, male sex, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, atheromatous plaques in the aorta and carotids, suboptimal INR and poor therapeutic adherence constitute significant risk factors for the appearance of cerebral thromboembolic complications(AU)

Introdução: a fibrilação atrial é a arritmia cardíaca mais frequente que é tratada na prática clínica e produz 33 por cento das internações associadas a arritmias. Objectivo: Para identificar os fatores de risco para as complicações tromboembólicas cerebrais em pacientes com não-valvular fibrilação atrial permanente e terapia anticoagulante oral, entre 2015 e 2018. Método: Um estudo de casos e controlos foi realizada no Hospital Universitario Dr. Agostinho Neto no período de outubro 2015 a abril de 2018. o grupo de estudo consistiu de 213 pacientes, 71 casos com fibrilação atrial permanente que sofreram sob cerebral complicações varfarina tromboembólica e 142 controles de fibrilação atrial permanente com igual, mas sem as complicações acima. Dois controles foram selecionados para cada caso (2:1) para aumentar o poder estatístico do estudo. Foram analisadas variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, ecocardiográficas, labilidade do INR (índice internacional normalizado) e adesões terapêuticas. A análise dos dados foi apresentada em tabelas de dados de dupla entrada. Qui-quadrado, intervalos de confiança e Odds ratio foram estimados. Resultados: foram grupo significativo idade de 75 anos, sexo masculino, a hipertensão, a presença de placas ateromatosas nas artérias aorta e carótida, diabetes mellitus, INR sub-óptima, a baixa adesão. Conclusões: o grupo de idade de 75 anos, sexo masculino, fumar, hipertensão, diabetes mellitus, placas aterosclericas na aorta e carótida, INR sub-tima e a fraca adesão constituem factores de risco importantes para a ocorrência de complicações tromboembólicas cerebrais(AU)

Cerebral venous thrombosis after spinal anesthesia: case report / Trombose venosa cerebral após raquianestesia: relato de caso

Abstract Introduction Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but serious complication after spinal anesthesia. It is often related to the presence of predisposing factors, such as pregnancy, puerperium, oral contraceptive use, and malignancies. Headache is the most common symptom. We describe a case of a patient who underwent spinal anesthesia and had postoperative headache complicated with CVT. Case report Male patient, 30 years old, ASA 1, who underwent uneventful arthroscopic knee surgery under spinal anesthesia. Forty-eight hours after the procedure, the patient showed frontal, orthostatic headache that improved when positioned supine. Diagnosis of sinusitis was made in the general emergency room, and he received symptomatic medication. In subsequent days, the headache worsened with holocranial location and with little improvement in the supine position. The patient presented with left hemiplegia followed by tonic-clonic seizures. He underwent magnetic resonance venography; diagnosed with CVT. Analysis of procoagulant factors identified the presence of lupus anticoagulant antibody. The patient received anticonvulsants and anticoagulants and was discharged on the eighth day without sequelae. Discussion Any patient presenting with postural headache after spinal anesthesia, which intensifies after a plateau, loses its orthostatic characteristic or become too long, should undergo imaging tests to rule out more serious complications, such as CVT. The loss of cerebrospinal fluid leads to dilation and venous stasis that, coupled with the traction caused by the upright position, can lead to CVT in some patients with prothrombotic conditions.

Resumo Introdução: A trombose venosa cerebral (TVC) é uma complicação rara, mas grave, após raquianestesia. Está frequentemente relacionada com a presença de fatores predisponentes, como gestação, puerpério, uso de contraceptivos orais e doenças malignas. O sintoma mais frequente é a cefaleia. Descrevemos um caso de um paciente submetido à raquianestesia que apresentou cefaleia no período pós-operatório complicada com TVC. Relato de caso: Paciente de 30 anos, ASA 1, submetido à cirurgia de artroscopia de joelho sob raquianestesia, sem intercorrências. Quarenta e oito horas após o procedimento apresentou cefaleia frontal, ortostática, que melhorava com o decúbito. Foi feito diagnóstico de sinusite em pronto socorro geral e recebeu medicação sintomática. Nos dias subsequentes teve pioria da cefaleia, que passou a ter localização holocraniana e mais intensa e com pequena melhora com o decúbito dorsal. Evoluiu com hemiplegia esquerda seguida de convulsões tônico-clônicas generalizadas. Foi submetido à ressonância magnética com venografia que fez o diagnóstico de TVC. A pesquisa para fatores pró-coagulantes identificou a presença de anticorpo lúpico. Recebeu como medicamentos anticonvulsivantes e anticoagulantes e teve alta hospitalar em oito dias, sem sequelas. Discussão: Qualquer paciente que apresente cefaleia postural após uma raquianestesia, e que intensifica após um platô, perca sua característica ortostática ou se torne muito prolongada, deve ser submetido a exames de imagem para excluir complicações mais sérias como a TVC. A perda de líquido cefalorraquidiano leva à dilatação e à estase venosa, que, associadas à tração provocada pela posição ereta, podem, em alguns pacientes com estados protrombóticos, levar à TVC.

Cortical venous thrombosis due to acquired hyperhomocysteinaemia.

A 20-year-old student presented with generalized tonic– clonic seizures and was diagnosed to have cortical venous thrombosis. Her dietary history and the clinical signs of vitamin deficiency prompted further investigations, which detected hyperhomocysteinaemia secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency as a factor contributing to the hypercoagulable state. This case highlights the importance of a balanced diet, as well as the necessity for primordial prevention.

Vein of Galen aneurysm in an adult: case report / Aneurisma da veia de Galeno em adulto: relato de caso

Vein of Galen aneurysm is a rare pathology, representing less than 1 percent of intracranial vascular malformations. We report on a 65 years-old man who experienced a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Brain imaging showed a large calcified expanding mass in the pineal region, confirming the diagnosis of a vein of Galen aneurysm. Because of the spontaneous thrombosis of the malformation, there was no need for microsurgical or endovascular treatment and he is been regularly followed since that.

Aneurisma da veia de Galeno é patologia rara, representando menos de 1 por cento das malformações vasculares intracranianas. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 65 anos que teve episódio de crise convulsiva tônico-clônica generalizada. Exames de imagem evidenciaram grande processo expansivo calcificado na região pineal, confirmando o diagnóstico de aneurisma trombosado de veia de Galeno. Devido à trombose espontânea da malformação, foi excluída a possibilidade de tratamento endovascular bem como microcirúrgico, mantendo-se o acompanhamento clínico.

Delayed death in a case of attempted strangulation mechanism of cerebral thrombosis and infarction -A case report.

Throttling is usually a homicidal act and generally the assailant continues the compression until the victim is dead. Pressure applied on the neck for about 3 -4 minutes consistently or more, is considered to be sufficient to cause death; the survival time depending upon the degree and duration of compression of the neck. The death may either be instantaneous or may be delayed for a few hours to a few days but in rare circumstances, the victim may survive, if rescue measures and treatment are promptly instituted. One such case of a male aged about 60 years, who was hospitalized after attempted manual strangulation for about 19 days and died thereafter, is being discussed. Medico legal autopsy findings of such a case are being evaluated in the light of existing literature.

Cortical sinovenous thrombosis in a child with nephrotic syndrome and iron deficiency anaemia.

Cortical sinovenous thrombosis in a child with nephrotic syndrome and iron deficiency anaemia is described. The most probable mechanism for the hypercoagulable state was thrombocytosis associated with iron deficiency anaemia. The other possible contributing factor might have been the diuretic therapy during the phase of relapse.

Cerebral thrombosis and vasculitis: an uncommon complication of ulcerative colitis

Cerebral thrombotic disease is a rare and nearly always fatal complication of ulcerative colitis. It is associated with a necrotizing vasculitis. We report a fatal case with a confusing neurologic picture arising from this complication. Autopsy revealed necrosis and hemorrhages affecting both cortical grey and white matter. Microscopic examination showed thrombosis of small and medium size vessels associated with hemorrhages and a necrotizing angiitis. Ulcerations, hemorrhages, pseudopolyps, and cryptic abscesses were found in the rectosigmoid region of the colon compatible with active ulcerative colitis. A sudden neurologic deficit in a patient with ulcerative colitis should direct attention to the consideration of a cerebral thrombotic event and the possibility of an associated cerebral vasculitis. Diagnosis may be strongly suggested by MRI or arteriography, but it may require confirmation by biopsy of the brain parenchyma and leptomeninges. A hypercoagulable state has been associated with the thrombosis. Anticoagulation has yielded successful results in some patients with cerebral thrombosis but the risk of massive intracranial and gastrointestinal bleeding preclude to establish clear indications. Neurologic improvement has been obtained with the use of steroids and cyclophosphamide